📅 Latest Update — San Marino:
Gerardo Giovagnoli and William Casali became Captains Regent of San Marino on October 1, 2026. They were invested for the customary six-month term running to April 1, 2027, succeeding the outgoing pair of regents.
About Gerardo Giovagnoli and William Casali
Gerardo Giovagnoli and William Casali are Sammarinese politicians who jointly assumed office as Captains Regent, San Marino’s two co-heads of state, on 1 October 2026. As is customary, they were elected by the Grand and General Council, the republic’s 60-member parliament, from among its members, and were installed in the traditional investiture ceremony held every 1 April and 1 October.
Gerardo Giovagnoli represents the Party of Socialists and Democrats (PSD), a centre-left party formed in 2005 through the merger of the Socialist Party of San Marino and the Party of Democrats. The PSD is one of the main forces in San Marino’s governing coalition.
William Casali represents the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party (PDCS), the republic’s long-dominant centre-right party and the largest group in the Grand and General Council. Pairing regents from different coalition parties is a long-standing convention intended to balance the office.
The Captains Regent preside over the Grand and General Council and the Congress of State (the government), represent the republic abroad, and promulgate laws. Their six-month term and the bar on immediate re-election reflect a tradition of collegial, rotating leadership dating back to at least 1243. At the end of their term, regents may be held to account through the traditional “Sindacato della Reggenza” review.
Captains Regent
Captains Regent are the two heads of state of the Republic of San Marino. They are elected every six months by the Grand and General Council, the country’s legislative body. Normally the Regents are chosen from parties in coalition and serve a six-month term. The investiture of the Captains Regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October every year. This tradition dates back at least to 1243.
Federico Pedini Amati, Former Co-Head of State, San Marino
He served as Captain Regent of San Marino for the term from 1 April 2008 to October 2008. As joint head of state according to the country’s constitution, he served together with Rosa Zafferani.
Rosa Zafferani, Former Co-Head of State, San Marino
She served as Captain Regent for the term April – October 2008. As joint head of state according to the country’s constitution, she served together with Federico Pedini Amati.
Previously, she had served as Captain Regent for the April-October 1999 period prior to reassuming the role from April 2008.